Is mass media used to manipulate the public? Yes, undoubtedly so. Numerous examples illustrate this point, with intellectuals like Noam Chomsky and Norman Solomon highlighting it, and figures like Edward Bernays—who actively participated in such manipulations—providing ample evidence. This reality is widely recognized and hardly disputed.
Given this well-documented history, there are some strands of activist thought that have come to believe that there are hundreds of modern trends that are all being driven consciously by some secret conspiracy of people, and that these people are using the media to create the social values and problems we see today.
However, this view is an inaccurate reading of a vastly more complex relationship of causes and effects. Media manipulation does exist, by corporations and governments, but media also conditions and perpetuates itself by creating people with the same values, who then get into positions of power and keep doing the same thing.
So the media creates a feed-back loop. And our profit-driven economy creates a feedback loop. But no conspiracy of men is driving all world events. And no conspiracy is necessary, because the ruling elite all share the same ideology. They don't need to meet in secret rooms to make decisions. They are following the logic of capitalism, neoliberalism and nationalism. They were raised with this ideology and so were we. Everyone growing up with these values is likewise reproducing these systems with their daily actions, regardless of their role in the system.
Unless you’re fortunate enough to find yourself in an environment that encourages questioning these systems, you're statistically more likely to follow the same script as the elites because our entire cultural environment reinforces that reality. Our role as employee or employer doesn't matter. The logic is reproduced and maintained by every role in the system. So the problem isn't a grand conspiracy. The problem is our culture, and everyone who maintains it passively or actively through their daily actions.
If you like conspiracies, then call it, “the emergent conspiracy of culture.”
This explanation has striking parallels between the theory of evolution and the theory of creationism. When you look out at the vast complexity of the world, you would be forgiven for thinking that only a conscious designer could have made things the way they are (god/the global conspirators). When, in reality, what we see today is based on innumerable complex and emergent factors that create a constant evolution of biology and culture.
To be sure, there are actors trying to create certain outcomes for themselves, but the hidden or unspoken side of this coin is that these powerful people that have too much control over our lives are also being heavily acted upon - by the cultural values that they grew up with, their family, friends and society - by the philosophy of their culture, the logic of capitalism and the stories that they were told about their meaning in the universe. And being acted upon creates people who act, who are acted upon, who act, ad infinitum. And that's the conspiracy of culture. But there is no over-ruling conscious designer. It is a complex web of interdependent relationships.
Media Literacy
The Big Picture